Although it tells about the animal life (fable) which can be considered as a children’s literature, Animal Farm written by George Orwell contains satirical messages toward Europe’s political condition in the 19^th and 20^th century. The social class issue is represented by the differentiation of human and animal but it changes after the animal rules the farm. It is also depicted about how the excessive political power of a man (or animal in this story) leads the country into a destruction or dystopia. The animal works hard to abolish the social class between human and animal by conducting the rebellion. However, after the rebellion prevails, the social class is never abolished, because it creates another social class among the animals. Although the animals have a philosophy that “all animals are equal”, there is always existed two classes, the leisure class and the working class. Thus in this paper, I will discuss about the impossibility of equality among social classes and how the dominant class sustains it which is represented in this novel.

The problem of this novel firstly served by the vision of Old Major, the oldest boar and can be considered the leader among the animals, who sees the inequality between the animal and the human. He questions “what is the nature of this life of our?” (Orwell, 1945, p. 3) which signs the awareness of the animals about the life. After the awareness of the unfairness comes into being, the animals then realize their fate which is forced to work hard but at the end they are slaughtered. Because of that, the animals, particularly Old Major, blamed Mr. Jones, the human character and their farmer, for his treatment toward the animals. Thus, the animal named the human as their enemy. In this occasion, the animal creates a distinction of classes, which are the animal and the human. The animal feels they are the working class because they always work hard to serve human needs. This consciousness becomes the fuel of the rebellion of the animal.

“One Out of Many” is a short story written by V. S. Naipaul which portrays the live of Santosh, an Indian cook who employed by a Washington governmental worker. As he moved out to Washington to follow his employer, he saw the world which he never saw before. Furthermore, he had to face to a decision whether if he must defend his culture or adapt to the situation he felt estranged. The short story frequently displays his confusion regarding his identity and culture, because, as a foreign newcomer in plural country, he becomes the representation of his country. Thus, this paper will discuss on how the short story represents the identity problem of an Indian worker in Washington.

The narration builds the character of Santosh as an innocent man who estranged by his new circumstance. Santosh, who formerly an employee worked in Bombay, has to accompany his employer to live in Washington. Moreover, Santosh looks very excited when he heard about that invitation. However, Santosh’s excitement tends to his arrogance, because he expresses his excitement by saying that “[i]t pleased me that he was jealous” (Naipaul, 2002, p. 17) to his friend. His arrogance comes into being because there is a notion in his former place that lives in Washington will economically be better. It can be proved in his statement on the very first paragraph which says “[m]any people, both [in Washington] and in India, will feel that I have done well” (Naipaul, 2002, p. 15). But, on the last statement of the said paragraph, he seems rejecting that notion, because he put the word “but” at the end of the paragraph.

Colours of laces

Not rainbow, just laces.

Fake lomo. I’m not a photographer. Just click and shoot.

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The Eastern culture which is very contrast in the way of thinking with the Western culture creates kinds of misleading interpretation regarding to habitual activities of both sides. Undoubtedly, the two cultures are met in the process of Archipelago colonization. In The Counselor, a short story written by Herman Jan Friedericy, we can see the political and cultural condition of southern peninsula of Sulawesi in the late Dutch colonization era. Moreover, this paper will discuss on how the story displays the image of the native Archipelago people on the perspective of Dutch and its significances.

The first example of the strangeness is when Tuan Petoro met his djongos (male servant) when he carried in Tuan Petoro’s luggage and called him batman. In fact, the servant just wore a “dark blue uniform with orange trimming, black velvet kupiah and bare feet” (p. 128). Tuan Petoro called him batman because of his ability to work under dark environment. I assume Tuan Petoro thought that his servant had a magical ability so that he didn’t need any lights. Also, the appearance of his servant was unusual for Tuan Petoro, because he wore black velvet kupiah and bare feet, which, I think, Tuan Petoro scarcely saw that and then Tuan Petoro imagined that his servant is like a bat. In addition, the Dutch’s way of dressing was totally different with the batman, at least in the way of wearing footwear, because I assume that the Dutch should wear footwear wherever they are, especially in outdoor. Note that although actually Tuan Petoro acquainted the batman formerly (because actually he was Tuan Petoro’s servant in Watan Soppeng), the first impression when Tuan Petoro looked at him was his similarity with batman.

Katanya, sejarah dimulai sejak manusia mengenal tulisan. Itu berarti, ketika kita menulis, kita sedang menulis sejarah, karena sejarah pun ada karena tulisan. Lalu, bagaimana dengan kejadian-kejadian yang tidak tertulis? Apakah itu tidak termasuk kedalam sejarah? Tapi apakah ada kejadian yang tidak tertulis itu? Apakah ada ketidakadaan itu? Ketika kita menyebutkan sesuatu yang tak ada pun, itu tandanya tak ada itu ada.

Tanda. Menulis adalah tentang tanda. Bagaimana tanda-tanda itu dibuat sehingga dimengerti oleh orang lain adalah proses menulis itu sendiri. Dalam tulisan, tanda-tanda tersebut terangkai dalam bentuk aksara. Menyenangkan sekali mempelajari cara kerja aksara, dari mulai bentuk, ukuran, bersirip atau tidaknya dapat menunjukkan makna yang lain.

Church or vicarage or anything that related to religion should contain something to teach people about good moral. However, in Sage’s Bad Blood we can see that the author perceives church not as a place which full of good deeds, but a place full of hypocrisy. This reflection will talk about on how the autobiography displays the ugly side of the church.

The first example is the grandfather who is a vicar which is depicted as womanizer by the author. As Sage finds the diary of her grandfather, she realizes the moral decadence of her grandfather by his surreptitious relationship with many women. This behavior can be considered as transgression, because he has already a wife and there cannot be accepted to have more than one relationship in his monogamy culture. His transgression also makes Sage fully hates with his grandfather. On the first chapter of this autobiography, she presents her grandfather as “[t]he ‘old devil’, my grandfather, …” (Sage, 2000: 7). Of course the characterization of her grandfather doesn’t reflect the proper church image. The way she hates her grandfather is also showed when her mother expresses Sage’s similarities with her grandfather and then she argues that she had bad blood of her grandfather.

bounded by bitch.

Women’s perspective on facing problems has become an immense question since ages. In order to analyze it, a psychoanalysis approach can be used. By using a psychoanalysis approach, we can identify mental disorder “by investigating the interaction conscious and unconscious elements in the mind” (Barry 2002: 96). This paper will discuss on how the writers draw the peculiar characterization of women in their works.

In short story entitled A Rose for Emily, Faulkner depicts the main character, Miss Emily, has the same or even more powerful than man. It can be argued by presenting Emily’s rejection to pay the tax and the killing of Homer Barron. In a sense, the shocking ending which the corpse of Homer Barron is found gives information that although Emily is a woman, her desire to make an intimacy relationship with Homer Barron can lead her into madness by violating and having sex with his corpse.

The distinction between female and feminine (or sex and gender) leads us to determine the role of the two aspects constituting the human being. The distinction also creates a question whether if the two aspect can be separated or not in a person of a human as an individual. According to Moi (1898) the term “female” is a matter of biological features and the term “feminine” includes a set of defined characteristics constituted by culture or circumstance. Moreover, because of femininity is not related with the biological features, everyone could posses it. But in some cultures, it creates a distraction. This paper will discuss on how the distraction is displayed on the three works of various writer.

The character named X in Gould’s X: A Fabulous Child’s Story shows that although his/her sex is undetermined, the culture or the circumstance maintains his/her disorder gender, because the circumstance contains “full of rules for boys and girls, and there were no rules for Xes” (Gould, p. 12). It creates discrimination for him/her, because the circumstance cannot decide whether it is a male or female and the circumstance just provide public service (e.g. bathroom) just boys and girl, so that he/she needs to use the principal’s bathroom “because it wasn’t mark anything except BATHROOM” (Gould, p. 12).